The prevailing wisdom is that for worker cooperatives owned by people who do not have employment authorization in the United States, their co-op should be organized as a limited liability company (LLC), with every member playing a meaningful role in management, and no probationary work time when they are not a member. (See this operating agreement--with cartoons!--re how this is put into practice, and check out this legal guide for a discussion.)

It is legal for any resident of any country to own a business in the US, and a business owner can work for their own business. It is not legal for a US company to hire as an employee someone without work authorization. This is why co-ops with undocumented worker-owners need to do what they can to make sure the law will see them as owners, not employees.

I used to hear this view stated repeatedly without citation to specific authority. So in 2020, when I was advising a co-op that expected that it might someday have undocumented worker-owners, I did a deep dive into the case law around when business-owners are considered owners, and when they considered employees.